ABSTRACT
Respiratory diseases like chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), chronic bronchitis, asthma, lung cancer, tuberculosis (TB), pneumonia, and, currently, respiratory infection due to novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) have been the major cause of concern these days and pose a serious challenge before the medical practitioners. Various types of dosage forms, surgeries, and radiotherapies are available as the major treatment options;however, these approaches are of limited use in the successful management of the above disorders and some seem very expensive. Conventional dosage form-based therapies have many disadvantages, including poor bioavailability, safety issues, poor site specificity, and drug resistance. In recent years, with the recent advancement in research and develop- ment, different novel drug delivery approaches have been aimed for comprehen- sive management of various types of respiratory diseases. Cyclodextrins (CDs) based formulations played a significant role in improving the treatment of respi- ratory diseases. It is utilized to improve the drug's physicochemical properties, however, some of its derivatives offer direct therapeutic efficacy. In this chapter, the derivates of CD, provided with their sources and physicochemical properties, are discussed with their applications in treating major lung diseases like COPD, chronic bronchitis, asthma, lung cancer, pulmonary fibrosis, pneumonia, etc. We have also aimed to showcase, based on the ongoing clinical trials, the recent translational potential of CD-based drug delivery systems used in the respiratory disease therapy. © The Author (s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2023.
ABSTRACT
The heart, liver, lungs, brain and kidney are the five most highly perfused organs. Incidentally, they are the ones prone to many diseases and disorders. There has been a phenomenal rise in lung diseases in the recent past which can be attributed to rising levels of environmental pollution, smoking and other lifestyle problems. The cytokine storm experienced in the COVID-19-affected population was a recent challenge faced by physicians around the globe. Scientists have tried different methods and delivery systems for effective delivery of drugs to the lungs. Pectin-based drug delivery systems have also been tried and tested suc- cessfully. This chapter will focus on the bumps and humps in the use of pectin as an effective polymer in delivering therapeutics to the lungs and management of various respiratory disorders. © The Author (s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2023.
ABSTRACT
Aim: Utilizing the therapeutic potentials of previously approved medications against a new target or pharmacological response is known as drug repurposing. The health and scientific communities are under continual pressure to discover new compounds with antiviral potential due to the rising reports of viral resistance and the occurrence and re-emergence of viral outbreaks. The use of antiviral peptides has emerged as an intriguing option in this search. Here, this article includes the current United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved antiviral peptides that might be enforced for the treatment of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection and carried out docking study of the viral protease inhibitors. Methods: In silico techniques like molecular docking was carried out using Autodock Vina software. Results: The molecular docking studies of peptide-based antiviral agents against SARS-CoV-2 [Protein Data Bank (PDB) ID: 7P35] using docking software AutoDockTools 1.5.6. Among all the docked ligands, compound velpatasvir showed interaction with residues ILE213, GLN256, LEU141, GLN189, GLU166, HIS41, CYS145, and ASN142, and displayed the highest docking score of –8.2 kcal/mol. This medication could be a novel treatment lead or candidate for treating SARS-CoV-2. Conclusions: To conclude, a docking study of peptide based antiviral compounds for their binding mode in the catalytic domain of SARS-CoV-2 receptor is reported. On molecular docking, the compounds have showed remarkable binding affinity with the amino acids of receptor chain A. The compounds occupied the same binding cavity as the reference compound maintaining the interactions with conserved amino acid residues essential for significant inhibitory potential, especially for compound velpatasvir with binding score of –8.2 kcal/mol. The Author(s) 2023.
ABSTRACT
Antiinflammatory drugs are used widely to reduce inflammation that is involved in various diseases such as Alzheimer, Parkinson, rheumatoid arthritis, asthma, infectious diseases including COVID-19 infections, etc. These drugs are used for acute as well as for chronic conditions. The well-known antiinflammatory drugs that are available in the market are nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) such as ibuprofen, naproxen, diclofenac, celecoxib, etc. The steroids are also used as antiinflammatory agents especially in chronic and severe inflammation;however, long-term use of steroids is associated with various adverse drug reactions (ADRs). Thus, there is a need of more safe and efficacious antiinflammatory drugs in the treatment of various diseases. Many antiinflammatory drugs are under experimental investigation and some of them are in different phases of clinical trials. This chapter summarizes the information related to ongoing and completed clinical trials of antiinflammatory drugs in various diseases along with their future perspectives. © 2023 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
ABSTRACT
Background: Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is spreading rapidly at an unprecedented scale across continents and has emerged as the single biggest risk the world has faced in modern times. Some scientists are comparing it to Spanish flu that created havoc around a century ago. The fear of death by COVID-19 looms large in the world today. The disease has reached devastating proportions since its first reports in December 2019. Doctors are having a difficult time dealing with this challenge and the microbiologists are having sleepless nights to bring about an effective vaccine for this disease. Method(s): A number of research and review articles have been exhaustively reviewed. The collected data has been meticulously analyzed and documented. Conclusion(s): This paper reviews the different types of coronaviruses, the structure of SARS-CoV-2 re-sponsible for COVID-19, its transmission, and virulence. Further, the article discusses the diagnosis, signs and symptoms like fever, breathlessness, cough, potential loss of taste or smell, sneezing, runny nose, fatigue, headache, sore throat and different treatment approaches including drug repurposing being tried by doctors around the globe that may come handy in the management of disease symptoms. The article describes the use of remdesivir, ribavarin, lopinavir, favipiravir, hydoxychloroquine, chloroquine, and tocilizumab among others in treating COVID-19.Copyright © 2021 Bentham Science Publishers.